The DNA is the blueprint of every organism including an individual human being. It holds the genetic information of a person and controls the production of proteins, hence, the DNA is involved in the biochemistry of organisms.
The DNA is found in the cell nucleus in strands of chromosomes, which are a genetic material. Each chromosome is composed of a single piece of double-stranded DNA. Genes are made up of molecules, are heredity's building blocks. Located on the specific areas of chromosomes, the genes are responsible for specific body functions.
Arranged in pairs, the human beings have 46 chromosomes in every living cell of the human bodies. As soon as the egg and sperm joins at conception, 23 pairs of chromosomes are inherited from the father and another 23 pairs are inherited from the mother. The newly formed 46 chromosomes will copy themselves repeatedly during the growth and development of the fetus, sending similar genetic information to every new cell developed as the fetus grows.
The replicating of chromosomes is made possible because each strand of DNA composes of a sequence of nucleotides that complements the nucleotide sequence of its counterpart strand. Thus, each strand can serve as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary DNA strand. So, if the two DNA strands are designated as $ and S^, both of them can be a template for each other-S^ can be a template to make a new $, while $ can also be a template to make a new S^. Therefore, the genetic details contained in the DNA can be replicated accurately by the simple process that separates $ from S^. Additionally, the separated strand can act as a template to produce new complementary partner strand that is similar to its former partner.
The modern science reveals that within the human chromosomes are 25,000 to 35,000 genes. Any fault occurrence in one gene or modification of a single piece of DNA can at times be the primal cause of a serious medical malady.
There are diseases, such as the Huntington's diseases and Marfan syndrome, which can be inherited from one parent alone. There are also other disorders that should be present both in mother and father before they can develop in the offspring. Some of such diseases are the sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis and tay-sachs diseases.
In addition, a disease may not be a consequence of inheritance; but rather, an error or mutation in the process of cell division during the fetal development or even earlier at conception can result into a particular disorder like the Down syndrome. Still other sickness such as the achondroplasia can be due to inheritance or an effect of genetic mutation.
DNA has been studied religiously by scientists with hope to have more understanding of how diseases occur and recur in some ethnic groups or the mankind at large. The researchers also incorporate genetics with other branches of sciences such as the pharmacology and nutrition to help humans live longer and fight off diseases whether genetic or acquired by cell mutation.
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