Genetics is the scientific examination of heredity, a process in which a parent organism passes specific genes onto their offspring organisms. In humans, the parents pass onto their children certain genes which can be the basis for the children's appearance-such as hair color, eye color, height, body structure, skin color and more-and other traits.
The impact of genes can be tremendous. Some of the characteristics which are affected by heredity include natural talents and abilities, mental and cognitive abilities, and the likelihood of contracting certain illnesses.
46 chromosomes are what composed of the cells of the human beings. 2 of the chromosomes are sex and the 22 pairs were non-sex chromosomes. Men have 46 XY chromosomes while Women have 46 XX. These chromosomes are composed of strands of genetic information called the DNA.
In the DNA, there are sections called the genes, with locus as the name of their location. Most of the genes bear information that is essential in making protein. The autosomal-or the non-sex chromosomes-comes in pairs-one from the father and one from the mother. The autosomal bears similar information carried by the genes, however, there may be variations in less than 1% of the DNA sequence, and generate divergent of a gene termed as the alleles.
Any abnormality in the gene may result also to an abnormality in protein or an abnormality in the amount of protein. Because the autosomal chromosomes come in pair, there are also two copies of each gene. If one of the genes has defect, the other gene may have to create sufficient protein in order to forestall the occurrence of a disease. The type of disease that may be contracted is recessive. The gene is inherited in a recessive manner.
Nonetheless, if only one defective gene is required to contract a disease, it is termed as a dominant hereditary disorder. In which case, even if only one defective gene is inherited from either of the parents, the child will likely to have the disease.
An individual having one abnormal gene is called Heterozygous for that particular gene. If he receives an abnormal recessive illness gene from both parents, he will manifest the illness and will be called Homozygous for that particular gene.
If two of the parents have a copy of the recessive disorder gene, their offspring has 25% chance of getting the disease. If only one parent has two copies of the recessive disorder gene and the other parent has one, the child has 50% chance of being homozygous.
As DNA can be likened to a blueprint of a human being, it is responsible not only for the physical and mental characteristics and traits of that person. It can also be a basis for contracting genetic disorders. According to our scientists, almost all diseases have a genetic component. Nevertheless, the significance of that component differs. The diseases in which genes have an important role can be categorizes as single-gene defects, chromosomal disorders and multifactorial.
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