Genetics, being a discipline of biology, is a scientific study of genes, heredity and the differences in living organisms. In ancient times, the application of the knowledge of genetics was used to improve animal domestication and crop produce through selective breeding.
The modern concept of genetics was geared towards understanding the process of inheritance, and which began in the middle of the nineteenth century with the works of Gregor Mendel. Although in his time, he was unable to determine the physical basis for heredity, Mendel discovered that through discrete units of inheritance -which we term today as genes-the organisms inherit traits.
Genes conform to regions within the DNA, which is a molecules composing of a chain of four distinct types of nucleotides. The sequence of these four nucleotides is the genetic details that organisms inherit. Naturally occurring in a double stranded form, the DNA has nucleotides on each strand the complements each other. Each of the strands is able to function as a template for making a new partner strand, and is actually the physical manner of creating copies of genes which can be inherited.
The cells translate the sequence of nucleotides in a gene to generate a chain of amino acids, thereby creating proteins. The order of amino acids in a protein correlates to the order of nucleotides in the gene. The genetic code is the term given to refer to the relationship between amino acid sequence and nucleotide sequence.
Also, the amino acids in a protein ascertain its manner of folding into a three-dimensional shape, which is in turn, tasked for the function of the protein. Proteins perform almost all the roles essential for cells to survive. Any alteration to the DNA in a gene results to an alteration in a protein's amino acids, and thus, alters the shape and function. In turn, this can lead to a dramatic effect in the cells and on the entire organism.
While the genetics has a significant role in the behavior and appearance of an organism, it is the blending of genetics with what a certain organism encounters that ascertain the final consequence. As an example, although the genes has an important role in ascertaining the organism's size, other conditions it encounters after its inception such as the nutrition can also have a tremendous effect.
Often, the phrase to code for is employed to refer to a gene containing the instructions on how to create a specific protein like the gene codes for protein. Thus, the concept of 'one gene, one protein' is considered today as very simplistic. For instance, a single gene can provide several products, relative to how the inscription is regulated.
Genetics can have many approaches. A few of them are the classical genetics, molecular genetics, and population, quantitative and ecological genetics.
The classical genetics composes of the methodologies and techniques that pre-date the advent of molecular biology. After the genetic code and tools of cloning were discovered as restriction enzymes, the points of examination laid before the geneticists were broadened as certain classical genetics ideas were supplanted with in-depth understanding by molecular discoveries.
The molecular genetics is built upon the foundation of classical genetics, however, it aims on the structure and task of genes at a molecular level.
On the other hand, the population, quantitative and ecological genetics are also built upon the classical genetics. They are only distinguished by a common theme of examining the populations of organisms drawn from nature but differ in the selection of which aspect of the organism that they concentrate.
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