Genomics is the scientific study of the genetic information of an organism. This involves identifying the number of genes, their respective and specific function, their influence on one another, and their activation and suppression. It also examines the DNA sequences and the complexity of their varying reactions.
The scientists behind the study investigate the genetic information to identify biological markers that predispose an individual to disease. The diseases identified by scientists to have a link with gene defects are many. The information that have been accumulated through the Human Genome Project ought to help scientists to better understand the multi-factorial diseases like the asthma, diabetes, cancer, and heart disease.
The DNA sequencing has a lot of advantages. It provides scientist useful information such as making comparisons of genetic sequences to obtain additional information on how organisms survive in different environments, using a genetic sequence a reference base for examining other members of similar species, and recognizing and determining genetic defects, inherited conditions, protein expressions and the role of defective DNA.
The scientists analyze the DNA in each chromosome of the organism as they study genomics. After they have completed a DNA sequence it is known as the genome. There have been many species sequenced-from bacteria to humans. Each genome is distinct; and so is the number of nucleotides that contains information. Although the genetic variation is minimal within a species, they are still interesting to scientists as they explain the tendencies or traits of that species.
In 2003, the Human Genome Project was completed. It contains the entire set of hereditary instructions-over 3 billion bits of DNA code-for creating, operating, and maintaining an organism. The Genotype is the genes inherited from parents, while the Phenotype is the genes that determine an individual's traits. The human DNA consists of four chemical bases known as nucleotides, which are repeated billion times throughout a genome. These four chemical bases are A for Adenine, G for Guanine, C for Cytosine, and T for Thymine.
Through the Human Genome sequencing, the scientists determined the precise order of the 3 billion bases making up the DNA of the 24 unique human chromosomes. The success in Human Genome Project enabled the scientists to reveal 25,000 human genes within our DNA, and the regions controlling them. The DNA sequence maps are currently being utilized by scientists as they study further the genomics and the human biology.
Genomics has been applied to the modern concept of personalized medicine. More and more scientists recognized the importance of having the ability to sequence the genomes quickly and inexpensively. It helps them to understand which drugs work for which patient having which genetic makeup. Genomics aims to encourage improvements in healthcare system and ushering medical breakthroughs.
The study of Genomics began in 1970s when scientists sequenced the genes of simple organisms. However, it was recognized as a science in 1980s as new scientific equipment helped the researchers in sequencing other organisms. And as it advances further, the genomic information is expected to improve the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of many diseases that plagued the human race including cancer.
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