Humans have had problems with their eyes as long as they have been in existence. Advances in medicine made it possible to correct the refractive disorder with the use of eyeglasses to provide an acceptable visual ability. Additional options have developed which include surgery, however most are not willing to do this.
The eyeball is more than a ball filled with liquid, it has specialized parts which when aligned properly provide vision. The light which shines into the eye is directed to a specific area of the retina, where there are sensors to translate the light and give a picture to the brain. There are several problems than can occur while this is going on.
Since the items in the eyeball must be held in a specific manner, the most common issues deal with the shape of the eyeball itself. If the eyeball is not the correct shape, the internal parts are not in the correct placement to have the light focused to the proper place on the retina. Typically, the light falls short, goes behind or becomes diluted with too many points. All of these refractive problems result in poor visual acuity.
About one quarter of the world suffers with myopia, this is also called nearsightedness. This disorder is called nearsightedness because the individual is able to see items close up but not far away. In this case the eyeball is elongated, like a ball being sat on. Additional problems can include the cornea having a curvature which is too steep for proper light absorption.
Other people develop hyperopia, or farsightedness. This refractive condition is the opposite of myopia, people cannot see things close up, but have good vision for objects in the distance. For this, the eyeball becomes too short, in this case think of a balloon that is squeezed between the hands. The cornea may also be flattened instead of the curved surface needed for the correct allowance of light into the eye.
Many people develop vision problems in their 40's, this is the time when you hear the jokes about a person's arms not being long enough to read something. This condition is known as presbyopia, a type of farsightedness. This condition is as a result of aging, not a change in the shape of the eye. Usually the eye muscles become weakened or the lens of the eye becomes hardened interfering with the ability to properly focus light.
Astigmatism is a very irregular shape of the eyeball, it takes on the shape of a football, and causes the light refraction on the retina to be dispersed in multiple places. To complicate the treatment of astigmatism, the eye may also develop the aforementioned shape abnormalities with a dual diagnosis or myopia, hyperopia, or presbyopia. This condition is often misdiagnosed as a result.
Refractive conditions are easily corrected with the use of eyeglasses. These therapeutic items are so widely used that they have become a fashion accessory, and people without vision problems will also wear them. For those with an aversion to eyeglasses there are also contact lenses and surgical correction options.
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