Cosmetic surgery remains a controversial subject. The direct alteration of a human's body by physical means to improve perceived shortcomings in appearance can provoke a variety of different reactions within people, from revulsion to outright admiration.
What seems certain though is that it is not going to go away. Increasing numbers of private companies offer cosmetic surgery services, advertising on television and in the mainstream press. What was once the preserve of the super rich celebrity seems now to have found a much wider clientele.
Cosmetic surgery can be defined as the application of surgical techniques to 'improve' physical appearance, moving it towards a more 'normal' or more 'attractive' archetype.
While this kind of surgery often has applications which are used to help correct deformities caused by birth defects or severe accidents, its use for purely cosmetic reasons has become much more frequent in recent years.
Estimates in the United States suggest that the number of cosmetic operations taking place each year numbers in the tens of millions, with that number apparently surging since the beginning of the new century. The worth of the industry in Europe is estimated at a couple of billion dollars.
There are a number of procedures which are used on different parts of the body, with areas such as the abdomen and the buttocks, as well as women's breasts, being operated upon frequently.
A so-called 'chemical peel' is used to minimize the appearance of facial scars and wrinkles, with carbolic acid (phenol) often used as the active agent in the procedure. Rhinoplasties (nose jobs) are also common, while lip enhancement is another popular facial procedure.
Another common surgical procedure is what is commonly referred to as a 'nose job', or a 'rhinoplasty'. This is often undertaken for clinical as well as cosmetic reasons, with it often being used after some kind of trauma to restore the nose's function and appearance. Perhaps for obvious reasons, this is a procedure used by many athletes at the end of careers as rugby players or boxers.
Orthognathic surgery is used to to shape people's faces. Used to help patients with cleft palates as well as as other facial issues relating to a variety of conditions. Procedures usually consist of cutting and manipulation of the jaw bones.
A concern for many who are interested in undergoing surgical procedures is their weight, especially flabby parts of their body. Liposuction is one way in which plastic surgeons remove unwanted fat from a patient's body.
This is usually removed via a hollow tube known as a 'cannula', and a suction device called an 'aspirator'. Surgeons do not usually recommend the removal of more than five litres of fat from a patient, and patients should also be non-smokers and reasonably fit before undergoing what can be a risky procedure.
Liposuction is reportedly the most common of such procedures carried out in the United States each year though, and its popularity demonstrates that, for whatever reason or whatever their motivation, people will always aspire to look 'perfect', and may use any means to reach that goal.
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